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Funerals USA

Filed under: Bereavement, United States — admin @ 6:20 pm
Funerals

Funerals USA offers funeral planning advice for a family’s executor in making many critical decisions. Features comparative pricing models for interment services in the United States.

…disposal of the dead falls rather into a class with fashions, than with either customs or folkways on the one hand, or institutions on the other … social practices of disposing of the dead are of a kind with fashions of dress, luxury and etiquette.

One of the interesting things about burial practices is that they provide many a clue to the customs and society of the living. The very word “antiquarian” conjures up the picture of a mild-eyed historian groping about amidst old tombstones, copying down epitaphs with their folksy inscriptions and irregular spelling, extrapolating from these a picture of the quaint people and homey ways of yore. There is unconscious wit: the widow’s epitaph to her husband, “Rest in peace - until we meet again.”

We are left to wonder if this is some ritual act of contemplation, a heartfelt belief that when we die we meet those that have gone before us, or comforting words left for those that remain.

For purposes of comparison they might recall the words of Andrew Marvell, a poet from an earlier culture, who thus addressed his coy mistress:

The grave’s a fine and private place, but none, I think, do there embrace.

They might rashly conclude that twentieth-century America was a nation of abjectly imitative conformists, devoted to machine-made gadgetry and mass-produced art of a debased quality; that its dominant theology was a weird mixture of primitive superstitions, superficial attitudes towards death, overlaid with a distinct tendency towards necrophilism…

Where did our burial practices come from? There is little scholarship on the subject. Thousands of books have been written describing, cataloguing, theorizing about the funeral procedures of ancient and modern peoples from Aztecs to Zulus; but about contemporary American burial practices almost nothing has been written.

The official historians of American undertaking describe the origin of our burial practices as follows:

“As a result of a long slow development, with its roots deep in the history of Western civilization, it is the common American mind today that the dead merit professional funeral services from a lay occupational group. These services include embalming, the preparation of the body for final viewing, a waiting period between death and disposition, the use for everyone of a casket that is attractive and protects the remains, a dignified and ceremonious service with consideration for the feelings of the bereaved, and an expression of the individual and group beliefs. . . .” Elsewhere they assert:

“The roots of American funeral behavior extend back in a direct line several thousand years to early Judaeo-Christian beliefs as to the nature of God, man and the hereafter … Despite the antiquity of these roots their importance as regards the treatment of the dead in the world that commonly calls itself Christian today cannot be overemphasized.”

In two misinformation-packed paragraphs, we are assured not only that American funerals are based on hallowed custom and tradition, but that they conform to long-held religious doctrine. There is more than a hint of warning in these words for the would-be funeral reformer; he who would be bold enough to make light of or tamper with the fundamental beliefs and ancient traditions of a society in so sensitive an area as behavior towards its dead, had better think twice.

A “long, slow development with its roots deep in the history of Western civilization,” or a short, fast sprint with its roots deep in money-making? A brief look backward would seem to establish that there is no resemblance between the funeral practices of today and those of even fifty to one hundred years ago, and that there is nothing in the “history of Western civilization” to support the thesis of continuity and gradual development of funeral customs. On the contrary, the salient features of the contemporary American funeral (beautification of the corpse, metal casket and vault, banks of store-bought flowers, ubiquitous offices of the “funeral director”) are all of very recent vintage in this country, and each has been methodically designed and tailored to extract maximum profit for the trade.
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American Indians - Tribes & History

Filed under: First Nations — admin @ 8:53 am
American Indians The way of life of the many Indian nations was well illustrated by their legends and folk tales, which often reveal the habitat, habits, and principal occupations of the tribes which told them. They also reveal some of the inner workings of the Indian mind, their beliefs, hopes, fears, and what they lived, fought, and died for. Because of their beliefs in mystery, magic, signs, and omens, Indians lived in a fascinating world of their own until it was shattered by the invasion of the white man, whose actions and influence, coupled with diseases formerly unknown in this hemisphere, proved the most devastating, disruptive, and debasing happening in the long history of the American Indians.

Prior to the arrival of the white man, the Indians, “spartans of the plains and forests; lived happy, healthy, and adventurous lives. They were brave, stoic, simple and complex, warlike and peaceful, loyal, and self-sacrificing for family and friends. The code of the Great Confederation of the Iroquois, followed by the hundreds of their chiefs, was to be brave, truthful, patient, unselfish, chivalrous, generous to a fault, helpful to their people in every way without accepting anything in return, and to work united for peace and in all things, calling upon the Creator to help them in their undertakings.

American Indian storytellers and their tales date from the time that the Indian was able to communicate intelligibly and intelligently. Many of the “modern” retellings of these legends, myths, and folk tales date from 1600 to 1760, when they were collected by the Jesuits. Since the early seventeenth century, legends have also been gathered by English, French, Dutch, and Spanish explorers and travelers, and set down as told by native storytellers. The tales have not materially changed, in reliable retellings, up to the twentieth century. This is remarkable, since setting down legends accurately was often difficult, chiefly because reliable interpreters were scarce. The early chroniclers had to be wary of would-be interpreters who ignored objectivity and sometimes embellished the tales passed down by the ancient storytellers or tried to build into them some of their own personality or beliefs.

In translations made by white men who had insufficient knowledge of the Indian language, some legends lost authenticity, meaning, and Indian flavor. Fortunately, the majority of such misleading tales have been discredited through study and comparison with legends set down in the Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology and other anthropological and scientific sources.

An amusing instance of taking liberties with translation occurred when the editor of this volume set down the legend of “The First Blackfish” for his book, Talking Stick Tales. The old Tlingit chief relating the tale said that the hunter rode on a sea lion’s back. Having previously heard the legend from a well-known Haida storyteller, the author suggested that it was not a sea lion but a gull. The Tlingit reluctantly replied: “What you heard about sea gull may be right; but because you write story for white people, maybe they believe it more if you say hunter went on back of sea lion-he much stronger than sea gull:’

American folklorists are greatly indebted to Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, a pioneer in the field, who collected many tales and legends during his thirty years’ stay with the Indians. His first book of Indian legends was published in 1839. Several of his best stories appear in this book. But it was probably Longfellow’s lengthy narrative poem (of rather un-Indian tempo), The Song of Hiawatha (1855), that first aroused public interest in the Indians of North America.

The authentic records of unlettered peoples are usually short-lived, reaching back only in the memories of their oldest men. Among the Indian tribes, traditions and folklore were handed down orally and entrusted to those who showed a special aptitude in remembering them. Regarded as tribal historians, these men in turn instructed the boys.

The Indians evinced little or no interest in recording unvarnished historical facts, hence they were often embellished by fantasy or embroidered with the supernatural, so that it was almost impossible to separate fancy from reality. The differences and distortions apparent in legend variants were often due to reinterpretations.

Many long, detailed, verbal accounts of legendary lore have been almost entirely lost because only certain chiefs, medicine men, and storytellers were privileged to recite and explain some classes of traditions, especially sacred ones. Tribal rites, customs, songs, and dances were often based on such legends and myths. Some folklore was preserved in the form of songs adapted for use on suitable occasions. The primary myths, regarded as having sacred association and significance, were highly respected and were usually told in hushed voices, after dark, by specially appointed story-tellers, many of whom embellished their tales with prayer, song, dance, and wonderful mimicry. Some legends are of the classical type and display real literary art in their composition.

Cape Breton Foods, Places, People & History in Nova Scotia

Filed under: Cape Breton — admin @ 7:33 am
Cape Breton Island Nova Scotia is a land of romance. The annals of Nova Scotia are replete with romantic and adventurous stories. Tradition has it that more than nine centuries ago the Norsemen landed on this peninsula and names it Markland, but the record of that voyage is only dimly enshrined in the sagas of their poets. Whatever settlement was made by them, Markland was again left to the wild Micmacs who hunted the moose and caribou, sang their songs of love and war, and offered sacrifices to their gods in the light of a thousand lodge fires.Then Columbus came and five years later john Cabot under authority of letters patent issued by Henry the Seventh of England, crossed the Atlantic, and on June 24, 1497 planted the flag of Britain on the Northeastern seaboard of North America.. To Cabot belongs the honour of being the first European discoverer of the mainland of North America. His discoveries gave to England a claim upon the continent which the colonizing spirit of her sons made good in later times.

The first attempt at settlement of Markland – named Acadia by the French –was made by a native of France, Baron de Lery in the year 1518. he arrived too late in the season to construct houses for his people and so returned home leaving part of his livestock in Canso.

After de leery none came to colonize these lands until Jacques Cartier, the hardy St, Malo mariner, sailed with his men into the Gulf and up the River St. Lawrence to the point where Montreal now stands. Attracted by his findings of the wealth of the new world fisheries came a horde of English, French, Spanish and Portuguese fishermen, who plied their calling off the coast and dried their fish on the shores.

In 1598 a French nobleman, Marquis de la Roche, armed with a Royal commission, sailed with a party of fifty convicts for Acadia. He landed them on Sable Island and went in search of grounds suitable for a settlement, but was forced by adverse gales to return to France. Only twelve of the convicts remained alive when rescuers reached them seven tears later.

A few years later another nobleman of France, Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, received from his monarch, Henry the Fourth, a patent constituting him Lieutenant- General of Acadia. He was also given a monopoly of the fur trade. De Mont set forth on march 7, 1604, with a party of 120 farmers in two ships to people the territory named in his grant, Acadia, or New France, which covered lands, now Nova Scotia, and also adjoining territory.

With de Monts sailed Samuel Champlain, an experienced navigator, and a Picardy nobleman, Baron de Poutrincourt. After sighting Cape La Have the party skirted the coast line, explored the Bay of Fundy and finally established the first settlement in Nova Scotia, on the shores of a beautiful harbour on the Annapolis Basin, which they christened Port Royal. That settlement was at Lower Granville, seven miles from the present Annapolis Royal.

Champlain at this time explored the coast of what is now New England and in 1606 a large number of artisans from France joined the colony. In that year also came Marc Lescarbot, law3yer and poet and man of affairs, who became the ablest historian of the French colonial transactions of that period. In the following winter Champlain instituted at Port Royal his famous “Order of the Good time”, of which many stories have come down to us.

The English meanwhile had obtained a foothold in Virginia and from thence in 1613 came an armed force under Samuel Argall, which utterly destroyed Port Royal as encroaching upon the territories of the English. From this historical inroad dates the long and bitter struggle lasting a century and a half for the possession of Acadia [Nova Scotia] – a conflict that was not ended until Wolfe’s victory at Quebec and the surrender of new France.

Great Britain’s first attempt at the settlement of what is now Nova Scotia was made in 1621 when, on the ground of prior discovery, King James the First of England and sixth of Scotland granted to Sir William Alexander, a Scottish gentleman of his court, the lands lying between New England and Newfoundland,’ to be holden of us from our kingdom of Scotland as a part thereof”.

It is therefore a fact worth noting that New Scotland sprang as it were, direct from the loins of old Scotland, Alexander resolved by the favour of the king to engage his countrymen in extending the glory of their native land by forming a New Scotland across the ocean. The name Nova Scotia used in the document conveying the grant was the suggestion of sir William, who said to the King.” My countrymen would never adventure to such an enterprise unless it was as there was a new France, a new Spain, a new England, that they might likewise have a new Scotland.’ In this document lies the origin of Nova Scotia as a Province.

Sir William Alexander dreamed of a feudal state, with himself as Lieutenant-Governor. In order that he might take possession of his lands after the feudal fashion he had Nova Scotia made a part of the County of Edinburgh. Therefore different parts of Nova Scotia were 3,000 miles apart at a time. Thereupon he entered upon the ownership of his barony with all the display of ceremonial of Edinburgh Castle.

An interesting outgrowth of that undertaking was the creation of a Scottish order of Knighthood, known as the Baronets of Nova Scotia which was bestowed upon each of the gentlemen who subscribed 3,000 marks toward the exploration and colonization of the new land. This order was conferred upon 140 persons. Each creation up to 1638 carried with it a barony of four by six miles in Nova Scotia. The order was not wholly bestowed upon court favourites. All parts of Scotland and Scottish life were respected in the roll of honour. Although the baronets raised a total of about 26,000 pounds the expeditions they sent out were not very successful, and finally in 1632 treacherous session of Nova Scotia to France by Charles the First brought the enterprise to an end.

Oliver Cromwell, the next ruler of England, recovered what Charles of England had basely surrendered and Acadia became once more Nova Scotia; but this position was changed again in 1667, when Charles the Second gave away what Cromwell had won, that is to say, “all the country called Acadia situated in America which the most Christian King had formerly enjoyed”.

Another war, however, soon came between England and France after the expulsion of James the Second, Port Royal was compelled to surrender to a force from Boston, and possession of Nova Scotia again changed hands. The country retreated to the French through a Treaty of King William the Third in 1697; but at the end of a further war, in 1713, the mainland of Nova Scotia passed into the possession of the British, a position which has never since changed. France retained her hold on Cape Breton Island until Louisburg was captured in 1758.

To reach these results many battles were fought and many interesting historical events happened in New Scotland, as for instance, the two sieges of Louisburg, and the famous expulsion of the Acadians, celebrated in Longfellow’s poem Evangeline.

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